Linux Tutorials - Technical and managerial tutorials shared by internet community. You can submit your tutorial to promote it. This guide was created as an overview of the Linux Operating System, geared toward new users as an exploration tour and getting started guide, with exercises at the. ![]() Linux distribution - Wikipedia. A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, Open. Wrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution). A typical Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, GNU tools and libraries, additional software, documentation, a window system (the most common being the X Window System), a window manager, and a desktop environment. Most of the included software is free and open- source software made available both as compiled binaries and in source code form, allowing modifications to the original software. Usually, Linux distributions optionally include some proprietary software that may not be available in source code form, such as binary blobs required for some device drivers.[1] A Linux distribution may also be described as a particular assortment of application and utility software (various GNU tools and libraries, for example), packaged together with the Linux kernel in such a way that its capabilities meet the needs of many users.[2] The software is usually adapted to the distribution and then packaged into software packages by the distribution's maintainers. The software packages are available online in so- called repositories, which are storage locations usually distributed around the world.[3][4] Beside glue components, such as the distribution installers (for example, Debian- Installer and Anaconda) or the package management systems, there are only very few packages that are originally written from the ground up by the maintainers of a Linux distribution. Almost six hundred Linux distributions exist, with close to five hundred out of those in active development.[5] Because of the huge availability of software, distributions have taken a wide variety of forms, including those suitable for use on desktops, servers, laptops, netbooks, mobile phones and tablets,[6][7] as well as minimal environments typically for use in embedded systems.[8][9] There are commercially backed distributions, such as Fedora (Red Hat), open. SUSE (SUSE) and Ubuntu (Canonical Ltd.), and entirely community- driven distributions, such as Debian, Slackware, Gentoo and Arch Linux. Most distributions come ready to use and pre- compiled for a specific instruction set, while some distributions (such as Gentoo) are distributed mostly in source code form and compiled locally during installation.[1. History[edit]. A timeline representing the development of various Linux distributions, including Android, as of 2. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel and distributed its first version, 0. Linux was initially distributed as source code only, and later as a pair of downloadable floppy disk images – one bootable and containing the Linux kernel itself, and the other with a set of GNU utilities and tools for setting up a file system. Since the installation procedure was complicated, especially in the face of growing amounts of available software, distributions sprang up to simplify this.[1. Early distributions included the following: H. J. Lu's "Boot- root", the aforementioned disk image pair with the kernel and the absolute minimal tools to get started. MCC Interim Linux, which was made available to the public for download in February 1. Softlanding Linux System (SLS), released in 1. X Window System. Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X, a commercial distribution first released in December 1. The two oldest and still active distribution projects started in 1. The SLS distribution was not well maintained, so in July 1. Slackware and based on SLS, was released by Patrick Volkerding.[1. Also dissatisfied with SLS, Ian Murdock set to create a free distribution by founding Debian, which had its first release in December 1. Users were attracted to Linux distributions as alternatives to the DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems on IBM PC compatible computers, Mac OS on the Apple Macintosh, and proprietary versions of Unix. Most early adopters were familiar with Unix from work or school. They embraced Linux distributions for their low (if any) cost, and availability of the source code for most or all of the software included. Originally, the distributions were simply a convenience, offering a free alternative to proprietary versions of Unix but later they became the usual choice even for Unix or Linux experts.[citation needed]To date, Linux has become more popular in server and embedded devices markets than in the desktop market. For example, Linux is used on over 5. Components[edit]. A Linux distribution is usually built around a package management system, which puts together the Linux kernel, free and open- source software, and occasionally some proprietary software. Many Linux distributions provide an installation system akin to that provided with other modern operating systems. On the other hand, some distributions, including Gentoo Linux, provide only the binaries of a basic kernel, compilation tools, and an installer; the installer compiles all the requested software for the specific architecture of the user's computer, using these tools and the provided source code. Package management[edit]Distributions are normally segmented into packages. Each package contains a specific application or service. Examples of packages are a library for handling the PNG image format, a collection of fonts or a web browser. The package is typically provided as compiled code, with installation and removal of packages handled by a package management system (PMS) rather than a simple file archiver. Each package intended for such a PMS contains meta- information such as a package description, version, and "dependencies". The package management system can evaluate this meta- information to allow package searches, to perform an automatic upgrade to a newer version, to check that all dependencies of a package are fulfilled, and/or to fulfill them automatically. Although Linux distributions typically contain much more software than proprietary operating systems, it is normal for local administrators to also install software not included in the distribution. An example would be a newer version of a software application than that supplied with a distribution, or an alternative to that chosen by the distribution (for example, KDE Plasma Workspaces rather than GNOME or vice versa for the user interface layer). If the additional software is distributed in source- only form, this approach requires local compilation. However, if additional software is locally added, the "state" of the local system may fall out of synchronization with the state of the package manager's database. If so, the local administrator will be required to take additional measures to ensure the entire system is kept up to date. The package manager may no longer be able to do so automatically. Most distributions install packages, including the kernel and other core operating system components, in a predetermined configuration. Few now require or even permit configuration adjustments at first install time. This makes installation less daunting, particularly for new users, but is not always acceptable. For specific requirements, much software must be carefully configured to be useful, to work correctly with other software, or to be secure, and local administrators are often obliged to spend time reviewing and reconfiguring assorted software. Some distributions go to considerable lengths to specifically adjust and customize most or all of the software included in the distribution. Not all do so. Some distributions provide configuration tools to assist in this process. By replacing everything provided in a distribution, an administrator may reach a "distribution- less" state: everything was retrieved, compiled, configured, and installed locally. It is possible to build such a system from scratch, avoiding a distribution altogether. One needs a way to generate the first binaries until the system is self- hosting. This can be done via compilation on another system capable of building binaries for the intended target (possibly by cross- compilation). For example, see Linux From Scratch. Types and trends[edit]In broad terms, Linux distributions may be: Commercial or non- commercial.
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![]() Direct Energy Solar (formerly Astrum) Reviews | Direct Energy Solar (formerly Astrum) Cost. That was the slogan emblazoned on the side of the small fleet of trucks and vans that rolled up to our home last year to begin installing 3. Now, exactly one year later, I feel I have enough data and personal involvement to tell you about our experience and what we learned. We’d been thinking about ‘going solar’ for a few years but, like many others, had procrastinated because it was a big investment and we could never seem to convince ourselves that we had done quite enough research. My thinking was that the decision to spend this money, or invest it, if you prefer, was equivalent to the decision to buy a car. The average residential solar installation in the U. S. has been running between $2. However, and this is a big however, imagine that the United States government was willing to chip in 3. New York State government was offering an additional $5,0. · 웹 해킹 - 웹 페이지 관련 구성 파일 이름목록 웹 해킹 / Security_Study. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Statistical Techniques | Statistical Mechanics. Direct Energy Solar (formerly Astrum) reviews and complaints, reviews of the brands of solar panels they sell, their locations and the cost of installations reported. Both were the case, and that got my attention. So began our due diligence. When people buy a car, they generally have a preference for a particular manufacturer. They may also know and trust a local dealer and have a good idea of what product features they prefer. They probably also have a basic understanding of the purchase options and finance details, should they choose to take out a car loan. Not so with solar. The questions for a first and likely last time solar buyer abound: Who makes these panels? What kind of warranty do they carry? How will I know if they are performing properly? What maintenance must be done? Who services these things? How do they install them on my house? Who sells them? Who comes to my home for one to three days to drill holes in my roof and put wires and cables in the attic? How do I connect to Central Hudson? Why does the Town of New Paltz need to be involved and will they increase my taxes if I make this improvement to my home? How much will all this cost? How can I be sure I’ll be getting a good price? If you are not discouraged by these questions, read on because my wife and I found that simple, straightforward answers were readily available. We found it useful to break our research down into three basic areas: Product, Provider and Price. It took only a few hours on the internet to learn about solar panels in general and to get a handle on what we would actually be purchasing and paying for. The simplest, clearest description of the Product and what it is you will actually be buying can be found on the Live Science website (http: //www. Basically you must first learn about the product manufacturers, and this site helps with that issue. In the old days you probably would have gone to your parents for advice but it’s not as easy as that with solar panels because your mom and dad have probably never purchased any. When I grew up, families ‘believed’ in a car company. My dad only bought General Motors products so you won’t be surprised to learn that the first car I ever purchased was a 1. Chevrolet. Since solar panel manufacturers are not familiar household names like those of car companies, we need sources such as Live Science to help us identify a quality product. Moving on to Provider, we were amazed at the wide variability in the quality and integrity of companies that would be more than happy to send someone to climb up on your roof and install a solar system. Having already done so much research on the product, however, made the selection of a vendor much easier. We started out with a list of six companies, and found that they varied from the sublime to the ridiculous in terms of the effort they invested in learning about our home site, electricity usage and financial situation. Our extensive research on the product meant that we actually ended up knowing more about solar panels than the sales representatives of three of the six potential providers we initially contacted. We first met the provider we eventually settled on at a community street fair in Westfield, New Jersey, so don’t worry as much about how you first hear of the company as how well its representative communicates with you, listens to you and provides clear, easy to understand answers to all your questions. The provider we chose required, yes required, that we have a technician visit our home to survey our roof to determine if it would provide a good base for a solar installation, where the wires would run, and measure the actual hours of sunlight on the available roof surfaces, taking into account any tree shade. Other potential vendors were happy to send us a complete contract for signature, having never even talked to us personally. Although choosing a provider is critical, it turns out really not to be that difficult. As with the purchase of a car, it boils down to a question of trust. In addition to being impressed with the information he had gathered on our house and property, when we learned from the provider we chose that any employee who entered the living area of our home would be required to wear booties, my wife was ready to sign on the dotted line. Determining the best Price was the final step in our decision- making process. By that time we knew that trusting the product and the provider would be reason enough to pay a little more, if absolutely necessary, in order to feel confident that we were making the right choice. In this regard, we found the website of the “Union of Concerned Scientists” (http: //blog. As solar vendors make their sales pitch, forget all the mumbo jumbo about the equivalent of sticker price. It is as meaningless as the sticker price on a new car. Who cares what discounts a car dealer gets? All the customer really cares about is how much he or she is going to end up paying for the car, so the simplest number to use as far as I’m concerned is “cost per solar panel”. To the bottom line Installation of the equipment and wiring for the 3. April 2. 01. 4, and the system was totally up and running by April 3. We reported this amount on Form 5. Residential Energy Efficient Property credit of $7,4. The Solar Energy System Equipment credit provided by New York State was $5,0. This resulted in a net cost for our solar project of $1. Our solar provider estimated that our panels would produce close to 1. Wh) hours per year. The actual production from April 3. April 3. 0, 2. 01. Wh. Considering the rough winter we just had, we are satisfied customers. However I will say that the other side of “seeing a sunny day…” is “seeing a rainy, cloudy or snow- covered roof day in a whole new way.” Please don’t tell me you purchased your panels for less. That would really ruin an already cloudy day.. Type: Residential Electric. Reviewed: 0. 5/2. |
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